Bernanke Failed In The 90s. That’s Why He Fails Today

I find Ben Bernanke endlessly fascinating. This is a guy that built his entire academic career around studying the exact situation we now find ourselves in.

Seriously, and by all accounts this was a first rate career, too.

Yet now he finds himself in a position where he is dismissing the most important conclusions of his most important research. I think it is hard to overstate how mind boggling this is.

Here is Scott Sumner:

Bernanke keeps insisting that the Fed is never really out of ammo.  I know that some people think he’s lying, but he also passionately believed that as an academic.

…The Fed’s newly transparent forecasts make it quite clear that we will fall short of almost anyone’s definition of a desirable level of demand growth over the next few years.  And yet the Fed holds back from doing more.  Reporters are beginning to probe this inconsistency at press conferences.  He answers the queries the only way he can—mysterious “costs and risks” of aggressive unconventional stimulus.  That basically means that if they bought up a large chunk of the national debt, they might later have to sell it at a loss.

Does Bernanke actually believe these costs and risks are more important than millions of unemployed?  Based on his work on Japan as an academic, almost certainly not.  But other people at the Fed certainly do worry about this, and he must speak for the entire Fed at the press conferences.  What else could he say?

I figure that Bernanke’s research may have convinced him (and some others) but it has not convinced enough of the rest of society (median economist, median politician, median voter, whatever) for it to make a difference in policy. The idea of the fed as an independent institution is complete BS. Bernanke is forced to give voice to a consensus he believes is totally wrong.

So Bernanke was a failure as an academic. Which means he will fail as a central banker.

Big Deal In Physics Today

Today CERN announced that they have probably found the Higgs Boson. I read this last night so I was expecting it:

They’re very likely going to announce that the 5-σ threshold, the “gold standard” for discovery, has been reached, and that we’ve discovered the Higgs boson.

Assuming things go as we expect, the speculation will turn to the question of what does it mean, and I’ve got some early analysis for you.

For a Higgs right around 125 GeV, which is where all preliminary analysis points, we expect that the Higgs will be produced at a certain rate, and that it will decay into various other particles at particular rates. What are those rates? There’s an excellent analysis in this paper, that shows what the standard model rate is for various possibilities, and what the preliminary data is for each detector, thus far.

If this is, in fact, where the Higgs appears to be, and the rates observed are consistent with the standard model predictions, and there are no other “new particle” announcements that come out on the 4th, then this is an amazing victory for the standard model.

And a nightmare scenario for everything else, including supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and string theory.

Here’s a bit more:

The great nightmare of people interested in particle physics is that the standard model works toowell. That the Higgs exists somewhere between 120 and 140 GeV, that there’s no supersymmetry or extra dimensions or composite Higgs or technicolor or anything surprising.

And this would mean that we’d never understand why the Higgs couples the way it does, or whythe particles in the Universe have the masses that they do; the best we’d be able to say is, “They just do.”

So I’m hopeful that they don’t find only the Higgs, because if they do, we could be living through the last hurrah of particle physics, and there’s too much that we still need to know! Here’s hoping…

I haven’t seen anything in any of the press releases commenting on whether this nightmare scenario is true or not.

The Staggering Genius of Taco Bell

Warning: I’m being pretty generous with over-the-top superlatives today.

I think Taco Bell is the most innovative company on earth. Honestly.

Some might look at what this company offers and think them a bit pedestrian, but remember, this may be the most mature industry conceivable. Innovation is NOT supposed to happen in mature industries.

First is a unique offering which exploits the only true competitive advantage Taco Bell has, the ability to offer texture in its food. To the uninspired, it’s the usual hamburger formula: carb, veg, cheese, beef carb. But, come on, crunch in your burger? Nobody makes it like this!

And the grand triumph is a co-branding strategy that I think is possibly the most extraordinary work of marketing genius ever committed on earth.

These are its best selling products of all time and no surprise.

Now consider this: anyone with half a brain figured out smartphones were coming, tablet computers were coming and… wedge laptops? Puh-leeze. Easy.

Taco Bell has come up with two complete breakthroughs which I’m convinced would otherwise never exist. And in commodity fast food! I’m so impressed.

Barclays Scandal – It’s the Stupidity That Shocks Me

So LIBOR and EURIBOR are these benchmark interest rates. They’re calculated by surveying a (large) panel of banks and taking the average of their *reported* borrowing rates.

We use them as crediting rates for holding accounts on various deals. The point here is that people ACTUALLY USE these rates because they’re viewed as a neutral estimate of risk-free (-ish) borrowing costs. Everyone gets that they’re sorta BS, but they’re probably not THAT bad, so we use them anyway.

Well…

58. Barclays’ Derivative Traders would request high or low submissions regularly in emails, for example on 7 February 2006, Trader C (a US dollar Derivatives Trader) requested a “High 1m and high 3m if poss please. Have v. large 3m coming up for the next 10 days or so”. Trader C also expressed his preference that Barclays would be “kicked out” of the average calculation. Trader C’s aim was therefore that Barclays’ submissions would be high enough to be excluded from the final average calculation, which could have affected the final benchmark rate.

…At least 14 Derivatives Traders at Barclays made these requests. This included senior Derivatives Traders.

That’s about all you need to know about the Barclays EURIBOR fixing scandal. Here are some graphs from the pdf:

I find this fascinating reading, though. Here’s more:

59. On Friday, 10 March 2006, two US dollar Derivatives Traders made email requests for a low three month US dollar LIBOR submission for the coming Monday:

i. Trader C stated “We have an unbelievably large set on Monday (the IMM). We need a really low 3m fix, it could potentially cost a fortune. Would really appreciate any help”;

ii. Trader B explained “I really need a very very low 3m fixing on Monday – preferably we get kicked out. [DW- LIBOR and EURIBOR are calculated by clipping the highest and lowest rates submitted by the banks. I wish I understood why having the Barclays submission kicked out helps their trade…] We have about 80 yards [billion] fixing for the desk and each 0.1 [one basis point] lower in the fix is a huge help for us. So 4.90 or lower would be fantastic”. Trader B also indicated his preference that Barclays would be kicked out of the average calculation; and

iii. On Monday, 13 March 2006, the following email exchange took place:

Trader C: “The big day [has] arrived… My NYK are screaming at me about an unchanged 3m libor. As always, any help wd be greatly appreciated. What do you think you’ll go
for 3m?”

Submitter: “I am going 90 altho 91 is what I should be posting”.

Trader C: “[…] when I retire and write a book about this business your name will be written in golden letters […]”.

Submitter: “I would prefer this [to] not be in any book!”

60. The number of requests and the period of time over which they were made indicate that the Derivatives Traders made requests on a routine basis. Specific emails also indicate the requests were made regularly. For example, the following email exchange took place on 27 May 2005:

Submitter: “Hi All, Just as an FYI, I will be in noon’ish on Monday […]”.

Trader B: “Noonish? Whos going to put my low fixings in? hehehe”

Submitter: “[…] [X or Y] will be here if you have any requests for the fixings”.

And this!

67. On 6 August 2007, a Submitter even offered to submit a US dollar rate higher than that requested:

Trader F: “Pls set 3m libor as high as possible today”
Submitter: “Sure 5.37 okay?”
Trader F: “5.36 is fine”

Are these the stupidest people on earth? This is SNL-worthy idiocy.

Short Cramer’s Picks

According to a detailed analysis published in October 2010, viewers who bought the stocks Cramer recommended the previous night lost money relative to the market overall. Even people who held those stocks for as long as fifty days lost an average of nearly 10 percent relative to the market. For those stocks with the highest overnight returns after Cramer’s recommendations, the fifty-day performance was even worse: negative 29.54 percent for the top quintile. In other words, according to this study, if you watch Mad Money and follow Jim Cramer’s top recommendations, you will lose almost one-third of your money in less than two months. Not very many people can afford to follow that kind of advice. The study also found that an investment in the stocks Cramer recommended significantly underperformed the market over the longer term.

That’s Barker. So just short his picks. Can it possibly be that easy?

Entreprenempathy

Let’s start with this assumption: entrepreneurs are the best leaders/managers a company can have. Most importantly, the entrepreneur that founded a company is the best leader that company will ever have, probably. Why is that?

Entrepreneurs come up with things that sell, they’re product people. For some reason, large companies can often come to be run by people who are good at many of the other things large companies do other than sell products: raise money, deal with regulation, institute internal processes, fire people, hire people, etc. Sometimes these skills need to be the focus over some time horizon. But be not fooled: these are secondary functions.

At best, an entrepreneur is a product person that views the company as an extension of his/her personal self. It’s not just the financial alignment that investors spend all their time worrying about, but an alignment of identity. Because of that, many of the secondary functions simply fall into place: you run the company’s finances like you’d run your own, which makes you (more) risk averse, which is basically good. You run the brand like you run your personal relationships, which, assuming you’re mostly normal with your own quirks (which everyone is) makes the brand accessible yet interesting. Et cetera.

Seeing a company as an extension of your self seems to me to be a kind of empathy. You feel pain when the company is hurt, you feel joy when the company grows. The pressure of having to care for this thing you created, which includes its people (think about the word company), provides a motivating force unlike anything else in our society.

So that’s what an entrepreneur is to me: a person with deep empathy for his/her firm and relentless focus on the #1 priority of any business organization: customers’ needs. Which, of course, is another form of empathy.

Harry Potter Hating On The Players, Not The Game

Harry Potter And The Order Of The Phoenix star Daniel Radcliffe enjoyed annoying the paparazzi during his recent stint on the London stage – for six months he deliberately wore the same clothes when leaving the theatre so photographs would be worthless. The 17-year-old was greeted by photographers each night outside the Gielgud Theatre during his stint in controversial West End play Equus, where the teenage actor disrobed onstage every night. Radcliffe quickly realized newspaper and magazine editors wouldn’t publish photos of him wearing the same outfit night after night, because it would look like the pictures were taken on the same day. He says, “They (the paparazzi) were outside the theatre every single night, but we came up with a cunning ruse. I would wear the same outfit every time – a different T-shirt underneath, but I’d wear the same jacket and zip it up so they couldn’t see what I was wearing underneath, and the same hat. So they could take pictures for six months, but it would look like the same day, so they (photos) became unpublishable. Which was hilarious, because there’s nothing better than seeing paparazzi getting really frustrated.”

It’s easy to hate on the paparazzi because it looks very annoying to have to deal with them, but this surely infuriated Radcliffe’s agent. Love ’em or hate ’em the paparazzi are an essential part of the fame machine and working with that machine can make you rich. Disrupt its machinations at your financial peril.

If in 10 years’ time, Danny Radcliffe can’t pay a parparazzo to snap shots of him swimming naked in the Thames he may wish he spent less time biting their hands when they were full of food.

The Time Smear

Soon after the advent of ticking clocks, scientists observed that the time told by them (and now, much more accurate clocks), and the time told by the Earth’s position were rarely exactly the same. It turns out that being on a revolving imperfect sphere floating in space, being reshaped by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and being dragged around by gravitational forces makes your rotation somewhat irregular. Who knew?

That’s the official Google blog.

Now that’s all well and good but eventually we started building systems that need to all talk to each other and agree on the time. If our arbitrary system of time keeping doesn’t/can’t exactly match the (changing) benchmark of the Earth’s position in space, what are we to do? In other words:

Very large-scale distributed systems, like ours, demand that time be well-synchronized and expect that time always moves forwards. Computers traditionally accommodate leap seconds by setting their clock backwards by one second at the very end of the day. But this “repeated” second can be a problem. For example, what happens to write operations that happen during that second? Does email that comes in during that second get stored correctly?

Well, Google does something called a Time Smear:

The solution we came up with came to be known as the “leap smear.” We modified our internal NTP servers to gradually add a couple of milliseconds to every update, varying over a time window before the moment when the leap second actually happens. This meant that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight, our clocks had already taken this into account, by skewing the time over the course of the day. All of our servers were then able to continue as normal with the new year, blissfully unaware that a leap second had just occurred.

Cool! More discussion on the topic from HN here.

How To Scare My Wife

Tell her I really liked this blog post.

I want to start this new year with an admonition, for all those who are still working at a day job, and thinking that at some point they may want to run their own business, but who haven’t decided to do so yet.

Register a business, today.

It’s got all the hallmarks of encouraging (from my wife’s perspective) my most infuriating personality traits.

  • Open-ended project? check.
  • Might consume extraordinary amounts of time? check.
  • Doesn’t even exist except as a partially-implemented idea? check.
  • Probably won’t happen so all that time she’d spend stressing about me doing something stupid would be for nothing? check.

Why pull a single thread out of your shirt and let it hang there? Just because you want to remind yourself to get a new shirt some day? Just because you like doing stuff? What does that even mean? Stop being so stupid!

Coming To Your Local Grocer: Better Tomatoes

Plant geneticists say they have discovered an answer to a near-universal question: Why are tomatoes usually so tasteless?

Yes, they are often picked green and shipped long distances. Often they are refrigerated, which destroys their flavor and texture. But now researchers have discovered a genetic reason that diminishes a tomato’s flavor even if the fruit is picked ripe and coddled.

The unexpected culprit is a gene mutation that occurred by chance and that was discovered by tomato breeders. It was deliberately bred into almost all tomatoes because it conferred an advantage: It made them a uniform luscious scarlet when ripe.

Now, in a paper published in the journal Science, researchers report that the very gene that was inactivated by that mutation plays an important role in producing the sugar and aromas that are the essence of a fragrant, flavorful tomato. And these findings provide a road map for plant breeders to make better-tasting, evenly red tomatoes.

That’s from the NYT (via Razib Khan who digs up the original study).

One of my favorite celebrity chefs recommends using canned tomatoes from Italy for cooking because ‘fresh’ tomatoes grown in North America are completely tasteless. Soon to change!